Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella with Chlorine in Drinking Waters at Various pH and Temperature Levels
Chlorine inactivation of E. coli and Salmonella
Keywords:
Disinfection, E. coli, Salmonella, SPC, CFU, residual chlorine, drinking water, inactivationAbstract
Effect of chlorination at pH 6, 7 and 8 at temperatures 15, 25 and 35˚C for maximum inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella in distilled, tap and well water was examined at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L chlorine. Samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 minutes to determine inactivation through spread plate count (SPC). Among the three types of waters, distilled water was found suitable for better chlorine inactivation as no E. coli counts were detected at 1.0 mg/L of applied chlorine at pH 7 with a 7 log removal with a survival of 0.001 percent. For pH and temperature effect when observed at 0.5 mg/L of applied chlorine dosage showed that the removal was more at pH 7, which was 6 log removal while for temperatures, 35 ºC was found to be optimum with a final E. coli count of 3.0 × 101 CFU/mL with a survival of 0.00025 percent after 45 minutes contact time. Salmonella was found more susceptible to chlorine as compared to E. coli with E. coli count of 8.1×105 and Salmonella count of 3.8×103 CFU/mL after 45 minutes of contact time at 1 mg/L applied chlorine. Salmonella, when tested as monoculture, 7 log removal was observed at 1 mg/L of applied chlorine. So chlorine is found to be an effective disinfectant, provided the optimum temperature of 35ºC and pH 7 for maximum inactivation of E. coli and Salmonella.
References
Azizullah, A., M.N. Khattak, K.P. Richter, & D.P. Hader. Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health – A review. Environment International 37:479–497 (2011).
Hannan, A., S. Shan, & U. Arshad. Bacteriological analysis of drinking water from 100 families of Lahore by membrane filtration technique and chromagar. Biomedica 26: 15 –156 (2010).
Rodger, M. & L. Boczek. Microbes and drinking water quality in developed countries. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, p. 749-756 (2011). http//dx.doi.org/B978 -0-444-52272-6.00284-1.
Jones, D.L. Potential health risks associated with the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural environments. Soil Use Management 15: 76–83 (1999).
Ram, S., P. Vajpayee, R. L. Singh & R. Shanker. Surface water of a perennial river exhibits multiantimicrobial resistant shiga toxin and enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72 (2): 490-495 (2009).
Hussain, I.A., T.S. Hussain, & Z. Sarwar. Microbial study of drinking water from Rawalakot and its surroundings. Online Journal of Biological Science 1 (4): 287-288 (2001).
Min, J. & A.J. Baeumner. Highly sensitive and specific detection of viable Escherichia coli in drinking water. Analytical Biochemistry 303 (2): 186 (2002).
Bej, A.K., R.J. Steffan, J. DiCesare , L. Haff, & R.M. Atlas. Detection of coliform bacteria in water by polimerase chain reaction and genes probes. Applied Environmental Microbiology 56:307 (1990).
Anwar, M.S., S. Lateef, & G. M. Siddiqui. Bacteriological quality of drinking water in Lahore. Biomedica 26: 66-69 (2010).
Schets, F.M., M. During, R. Italiaander, L. Heijnen, S.A. Rutjes, W.K.V. Zwaluw, & A.M.R. Husman. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water from private water supplies in the Netherlands. Water Research 39: 4485-4493 (2005) .
Berry, D.C. Xi, & L. Raskin .Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 17: 297–302 (2006).
Fisher, I., G. Kastl, & A. Sathasivan. Evaluation of suitable chlorine bulk-decay models for water distribution systems. Water Research 45: 4896-4908 (2011).
Aisopou, A., I. Stoianov, & N.J.D. Graham. In-pipe water quality monitoring in water supply systems under steady and unsteady state flow conditions: A quantitative assessment. Water Research 46: 235 -246 (2012).
Robescu, D., N. Jivan, & D. Robescu. Chlorine decay in drinking water mains. Environment Engineering and Management Journal 7(6): 737-741 (2008).
Shang, C. & E. R. Blatchey. Chlorination of pure bacterial culture in aqueous solution. Water Research. 35 (1): 244- 254 (2001).
Alam, S.M.N., G. Mostafa, & D.H. Bhuiyan. Prevalence of bacteria in the muscle of shrimp in processing plant. International Journal of Food Safety 5: 21-23 (2003).
Cappuccino, J.G. & N. Sherman. Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, 4th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company (1996).
Wohlsen, T., J. Bates, G. Vesey, W.A. Robinson, & M. Katouli. Evaluation of the methods for enumerating coliforms bacteria from water samples using precise reference. Letters in Applied Microbiology (The Society for Applied Microbiology) 42: 350-356 (2006).
APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC (2005).
Massa, S., R. Armuzzi, M. Tosques, F. Canganella, & L.D. Trovatelli. Susceptibility to chlorine of Aeromonas hydrophila strains. Journal of Applied Microbiology 86 (1): 169-173 (1998).
US-EPA. EPA Office of Water: Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. (EPA 815-R -99-014). Washington, DC (1999).
Gorchev, H.G. Chlorine in water disinfection. Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (9): 1731 -1735 (1996).
Kenyon & F. Katheryn. Free Available Chlorine Disinfection Criteria for Fixed Army Installation Primary Drinking Water. Technical Report, 1974-1978. ADA114482. Defence Technical Information Centre (1981).
Page, M.A., J.L. Shisler, & B.J. Mariñas. Kinetics of adenovirus type 2 inactivation with free chlorine. Water Research 43: 2916 -2926 (2009).
Driedger, A.M., J.L. Rennecker, & B.J., Mariñas. Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine. Water Research 34 (14): 3591-3597 (2000).
Churn, C.C., G.D. Boardman, & R.C Bates. The inactivation kinetics of H-1 parvovirus by chlorine. Water Research 18 (2): 195-203 (2003)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Allows users to: copy the article and distribute; abstracts, create extracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI); and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation.
