Clinical Features and Diagnostic Strategies for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Bahawalpur, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASB(62-1)1078Keywords:
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Obesity, Oligomenorrhea, LH/FSH Ratio, Family HistoryAbstract
The aim is to outline the research methodology employed for diagnosing and classifying Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients while offering guidance on the management and potential cure of PCOS, ultimately facilitating the ability of affected women to conceive. The methodology in this research included multiple steps: firstly, a physical examination based on clinical features; secondly, verification of the disease using biochemical tests and ultrasound. The study included 54 female patients seeking fertility assistance, utilizing physical examination, biochemical tests, and ultrasound to diagnose PCOS. The data were collected at Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; fifty-four patients were analyzed based on clinical features, biochemical parameters, and ultrasonography. The study revealed strong correlations between PCOS and hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, family PCOS history, and acne. Unmarried women faced a higher PCOS risk. The most common features were oligomenorrhea (90.7%) and hirsutism (83.3%), followed by amenorrhea (57.4%), family history (55.6%), and acne (53.8%). All these factors showed significant associations with PCOS (p < 0.001 for hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, and family history, while p = 0.002 for acne). A positive correlation was found among patients with PCOS who had BMI, hirsutism, a family history, and acne. The research at Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan, employed diverse diagnostic tools to observe and categorize 54 patients, demonstrating early PCOS diagnosis effectiveness and manageability through medication and lifestyle changes for infertility. This study highlights the importance of integrating clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic features for the accurate diagnosis of PCOS. Early diagnosis and targeted management can significantly improve outcomes for affected women.
References
M. Zehravi, M. Maqbool, and I. Ara. Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: an update. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine And Health 34(2): 1-9 (2021).
N. Gleicher, S. Darmon, P. Patrizio, and D.H. Barad. Reconsidering the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Biomedicines 10(7): 1505 (2022).
F. Orio and S. Palomba. New guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10(3): 130-132 (2014).
R.S. Legro. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' (ACOG) Practice Bulletin No. 194: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Obstetrics and Gynecology 131(6): e157-e171 (2018).
M. Shannon and Y. Wang. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a common but often unrecognized condition. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 57(3): 221-230 (2012).
E. Reiser, J. Lanbach, B. Böttcher, and B. Toth. Non-Hormonal Treatment Options for Regulation of Menstrual Cycle in Adolescents with PCOS. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12(1): 67 (2022).
L.P. Mayoral, G.M. Andrade, E.P. Mayoral, T.H. Huerta, S.P. Canseco, F.J. Rodal Canales, H.A. Cabrera-Fuentes, M.M. Cruz, A.D. Pérez Santiago, J.J. Alpuche, E. Zenteno, H.M. Ruíz, R.M. Cruz, J.H. Jeronimo, and E. Perez-Campos. Obesity subtypes, related biomarkers & heterogeneity. Indian Journal of Medical Research 151(1): 11-21 (2020).
R. Azziz, K.S. Woods, R. Reyna, T.J. Key, E.S. Knochenhauer, and B.O. Yildiz. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(6): 2745-2749 (2004).
A. Gambineri, C. Pelusi, V. Vicennati, U. Pagotto, and R. Pasquali. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26(7): 883-896 (2002).
R. Pasquali, A. Gambineri, and U. Pagotto. The impact of obesity on reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 113(10): 1148-1159 (2006).
M.T. Sheehan. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: diagnosis and management. Clinical Medicine & Research 2(1): 13-27 (2004).
B. Alsadi. Clinical Features of PCOS. In: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Z. Wang (Ed.). IntechOpen pp. 1-14 (2019).
D. Dewailly, H. Gronier, E. Poncelet, G. Robin, M. Leroy, P. Pigny, A. Duhamel, and S. Catteau-Jonard. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): revisiting the threshold values of follicle count on ultrasound and of the serum AMH level for the definition of the polycystic ovary (PCO). Human Reproduction 26(11): 3123-3129 (2011).
L. Mu, J. Pan, L. Yang, Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Teng, P. Wang, R. Tang, X. Huang, and X. Chen. Association between the prevalence of hyperuricemia and reproductive hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 16(1): 104 (2018).
S. Bains, C. Anyaeche, A. Wyatt, O. Coker, and J. Bolodeoku. Evaluation of Point of Care Test (POCT), i-CHROMA™ Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Assay and Microalbumin Urine (MAU) Methods. Annals of Clinical Laboratory Research 5(3): 192 (2017).
M. Mitrašinović-Brulić, M. Buljan, and D. Suljević. Association of LH/FSH ratio with menstrual cycle regularity and clinical features of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 26(1): 40 (2021).
B. Wiweko, I. Indra, C. Susanto, M. Natadisastra, and A. Hestiantoro. The correlation between serum AMH and HOMA-IR among PCOS phenotypes. BMC Research Notes 11(1): 114 (2018).
S. Catteau-Jonard and D. Dewailly. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of hyperandrogenism. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 40: 22-27 (2013).
C.K. Nath, B. Barman, A. Das, P. Rajkhowa, P. Baruah, M. Baruah, and A. Baruah. Prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone affecting the pattern of LH/FSH secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A hospital-based study from North East India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8(1): 256-260 (2019).
S. Esmaeilzadeh, M.G. Andarieh, R. Ghadimi, and M.A. Delavar. Body mass index and gonadotropin hormones (LH & FSH) associate with clinical symptoms among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Global Journal of Health Science 7(2): 101-106 (2015).
F. Fruzzetti, D. Perini, M. Russo, F. Bucci, and A. Gadducci. Comparison of two insulin sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gynecological Endocrinology 33(1): 39-42 (2017).
C. Battaglia, G. Regnani, F. Mancini, L. Iughetti, C. Flamigni, and S. Venturoli. Polycystic ovaries in childhood: a common finding in daughters of PCOS patients. A pilot study. Human Reproduction 17(3): 771-776 (2002).
A. Dunaif and A. Thomas. Current concepts in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Annual Review of Medicine 52(1) :401-419 (2001).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Upon acceptance of an article, its copyright will be assigned to the Pakistan Academy of Sciences.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Allows users to: copy the article and distribute; abstracts, create extracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI); and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation.
