Density Estimation and Efficiency Analysis of a New Beta Polynomial Family
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53560/PPASA(63-1)706Keywords:
Bandwith, Beta, Density, Estimation, Efficiency, KernelAbstract
A popular non-parametric approach constantly employed in the estimation of probability density function (PDF) of data is kernel density estimation (KDE) and the technique is vital in several statistical methodologies because of its functionality in data analysis. This study assesses the efficacy and efficiency of new kernel family known as the new beta polynomial family (NBPF) kernels which is generated by additional power to the polynomial functional form. The numerical efficiency of the newly introduced kernel family improves substantially due to the integration of the functional modification. The efficiencies of the classical polynomial family decreases with increase in the polynomial power while the reverse is the case with the new family which demonstrates an exceptional improvement with increase in its power and also sustaining computational flexibility. A comparative assessment of the efficiencies of NBPF shows that it exhibits superiority over the existing beta kernel family (BKF), demonstrating their adaptability to modern techniques in probability density functions without rigid parametric assumptions. Again, a real data application of the NBPF reveals that the family possesses retention capacity of intrinsic characteristics of the dataset. The numerical improvement of the efficiencies of NBPF as well as the ability of NBPF to retain essentials statistical characteristics emphasise the importance of the NBPF in data analysis and data visualization.
References
S.J. Sheather. Density estimation. Statistical Science 19(4): 588-597 (2004). https://www.jstor.org/stable/4144429
B.W. Silverman (Ed.). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Routledge, NY, USA (2018). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315140919
I.U. Siloko, K.E. Ukhurebor, E.A. Siloko, E. Enoyoze, A.O. Bobadoye, C.C. Ishiekwene, O.O. Uddin, and W. Nwankwo. Effects of some meteorological variables on cassava production in Edo State, Nigeria via density estimation. Scientific Africa 13: e00852 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00852
P. Janssen, J. Swanepoel, and N. Veraverbeke. A note on the behaviour of a kernel-smoothed kernel density estimator. Statistics and Probability Letters 158: 108663 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.spl.2019.108663
B. Bèranger, T. Duong, S.E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, and S.A. Sisson. Tail density estimation for exploratory data analysis using kernel methods. Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 31(1): 144-174 (2018). doi:10.1080/10485252.2018.1537442
I.U. Siloko and O.O. Uddin. A statistical study of wind speed and its connectivity with relative humidity and temperature in Ughelli, Delta State, Nigeria. Science World Journal 18(3): 404-413 (2023). https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/swj.v18i3.13
J.C.Y. Ngu, W.S. Yeo, T.F. Thien, and J. Nandong. A comprehensive overview of the applications of kernel functions and data-driven models in regression and classification tasks in the context of software sensors. Applied Soft Computing Journal 164: 111975 (2024). doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111975
D. Baranyai and T. Sipos. Black-spot analysis in Hungary based on kernel density estimation. Sustainability 14(14): 8335 (2022). doi:10.3390/su14148335
J.E. Chacón and T. Duong. Data-driven density derivative estimation, with applications to nonparametric clustering and bump hunting. Electronic Journal of Statistics 7: 499-532 (2013). doi:10.1214/13-EJS781
J. Rosenberger, J. Müller, A. Selig, M. Bühren, and D. Schramm. Extended kernel density estimation for anomaly detection in streaming data. 15th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, Gulf of Naples, Italy, Procedia CIRP 112: 156-161 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.09.065
G. Aarthi, S. Sharon-Priya, and A.W. Banu. KRF-AD: Innovating anomaly detection with KDE-KL and random forest fusion. Intelligent Decision Technologies 18(3): 2275-2287 (2024). doi:10.3233/IDT-240628
S. Wang, A. Li, K. Wen, and X. Wu. Robust kernels for kernel density estimation. Economics Letters 191: 109138 (2020). doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109138
Y. Fan and X. Cheng. Application of kernel density estimation in stock trading volume distribution. Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence of Things and Computing, Hangzhou Jiangsu, China pp. 173-180 (2024). doi:10.1145/3708282.3708314
L. Srikanth and I. Srikanth. A case study on kernel density estimation and hotspot analysis methods in traffic safety management. 2020 International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS). Bengaluru, India pp. 99-104 (2020). doi:10.1109/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027448
J.H. Tuya, U.M. Coalee, and R. Ahmed. Potentiality of kernel density estimation tool for tropical cyclone frequency analysis in Bangladesh. The Jahangirnagar Review: Part II: Social Science 48(1): 87-105 (2024).
S. Lasocki. Kernel density estimation in seismology. In: Statistical Methods and Modeling of Seismogenesis. 1st Edition. N. Limnios, E. Papadimitriou, and G. Tsaklidis (Eds.). Wiley Online Library, New Jersey, United States pp. 1-25 (2021). doi:10.1002/9781119825050.ch1
A.M. Pollard, Q. Ma, A.I. Bidegaray, and R. Liu. The use of kernel density estimates on chemical and isotopic data in Archaeology. In: Handbook of Archaeological Sciences. 2nd Edition. A.M. Pollard, R.A. Armitage, and C.A. Makarewicz (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, United States pp. 1227 (2023). doi:10.1002/9781119592112.ch61
S. Hashimoto, S. Yoshiki, R. Saeki, Y. Mimura, R. Ando, and S. Nanba. Development and application of traffic accident density estimation models using kernel density estimation. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 3(3): 262-270 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2016.01.005
M. Govorov, G. Beconyte, and G. Gienko. Trivariate kernel density estimation of spatiotemporal crime events with case study for Lithuania. Sustainability 15(11): 8524 (2023). doi:10.3390/su15118524
A.C. Neto, A.L.M. Levada, and M.F.C. Haddad. A new kernel density estimation-based entropic isometric feature mapping for unsupervised metric learning. Annals of Data Science 12(3): 929-945 (2024). doi:10.1007/s40745-024-00548-x
Y. Tsuruta and M. Sagae. Theoretical properties of bandwidth selectors for kernel density estimation on the circle. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 72: 511-530 (2020). doi:10.1007/s10463-018-0701-x
I.U. Siloko, O. Ikpotokin, F.O. Oyegue, C.C. Ishiekwene, B.A.E. Afere. A note on application of kernel derivatives in density estimation with the univariate case. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 22(3): 415-423 (2019). doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2018.1524956
I.U. Siloko, E.A. Siloko, S.A. Ojobor, S.A. Wasan, E. Enoyoze, C.C. Ishiekwene, O. Ikpotokin, and E.M. Ogbeide. A new multivariate product kernel function of the beta polynomial family. Journal of Statistics Applications and Probability 12(3): 1385-1398 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/jsap/120340
M.P. Wand and M.C. Jones (Eds.). Kernel Smoothing. Chapman and Hall, London, UK (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4493-1
D.W. Scott (Ed.). Multivariate density estimation. Theory, practice, and visualization. 2nd Edition. Wiley, New Jersey, USA (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118575574
S.M. Somé and C.C. Kokonendji. Bayesian selector of adaptive bandwidth for multivariate gamma kernel estimator on . Journal of Applied Statistics 49(7): 1692-1713 (2022). doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1881456
S. Zámečník, I. Horová, S. Katina, and K. Hasilová. An adaptive method for bandwidth selection in circular kernel density estimation. Computational Statistics 39: 1709-1728 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-023-01401-0
I. Fuentes-Santos, W. González-Manteiga, and J. Mateu. Bootstrap bandwidth selection for the pair correlation function of inhomogeneous spatial point processes. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 93(18): 3329-3361 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2023.2220860
M. Rosenblatt. Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 27: 832-837 (1956). http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177728190
E. Parzen. On the estimation of a probability density function and the mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 33: 1065-1076 (1962). http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177704472
I.U. Siloko and E.A. Siloko. An investigation on interdependence between rainfall and temperature in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy and Environment 14 (3): 197-204 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2023.14.03.01
I.U. Siloko, C.C. Ishiekwene, and F.O. Oyegue. New gradient methods for bandwidth selection in bivariate kernel density estimation. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 6(1): 1-8 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ms.2018.060101
I.U. Siloko, O. Ikpotokin, and E.A. Siloko. On hybridizations of fourth-order kernel of the beta polynomial family. Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operations Research 15(3): 819-829 (2019). doi:10.18187/pjsor.v15i3.2625
N. Gündüz and S. Karakoç. Optimal bandwidth selection methods with application to wind speed distribution. Mathematics 11(21): 4478 (2023). doi:10.3390/math11214478
T. Duong. Spherically symmetric multivariate beta family kernels. Statistics and Probability Letters 104: 141-145 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2015.05.012
I.U. Siloko, O. Ikpotokin, F.O. Oyegue, E.A. Siloko, and C.C. Ishiekwene. Numerical computation of efficiency of beta polynomial kernels using product method. Journal of Applied Science and Technology 23 (1&2): 32-38 (2019). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jast/article/view/192584
K. Haddad and A. Rahman. Regional flood frequency analysis: evaluation of regions in cluster space using support vector regression. Natural Hazards 102: 489-517 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03935-8
Y. Liu and M. Xie. Rebooting data-driven soft-sensors in process industries: a review of kernel methods. Journal of Process Control 89: 58-73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2020.03.012
J.C.Y. Ngu, W.S. Yeo, T.F. Thien, and J. Nandong. A comprehensive overview of the applications of kernel functions and data-driven models in regression and classification tasks in the context of software sensors. Applied Soft Computing Journal 164: 111975 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111975
I.U. Siloko, K.E. Ukhurebor, and A.I. Otsupius. Non-parametric statistical approach for assessing the environmental impacts of petroleum spillages in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Discover Environment 3: 173 (2025). doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00273-z

